{"id":5280,"date":"2014-06-02T00:06:03","date_gmt":"2014-06-01T22:06:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.padjournal.net\/?p=5280"},"modified":"2022-04-13T17:35:22","modified_gmt":"2022-04-13T15:35:22","slug":"design-and-new-trends-in-temporary-living-for-emergencies-and-nomadism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.padjournal.net\/new\/design-and-new-trends-in-temporary-living-for-emergencies-and-nomadism\/","title":{"rendered":"Design and new trends in temporary living for emergencies and nomadism"},"content":{"rendered":"

Abstract<\/b>
\nThere is a long tradition of research, projects and experiments regarding the issue of temporary living. It is a very fertile field of reflection because it represents the intersection of practical needs with the aspiration, sometimes utopian, toward an extreme simplicity in living and an innate desire for freedom and exploration. Here, we will draw a quick historical overview exemplified by four design stories that are indicative of certain strategic and typological research lines, and then, we will present an updated overview of trends in contemporary design and production.
\n1. The Mediterranean area and forms of precariousness: the temporary dwelling<\/b>
\nThe Mediterranean area is a fragile and geologically unstable region due to its environmental, social and political ecosystems. It is a fluid territory in which the mobility of its people and cultures has become a part of its identity over the course of time; factors such as transience, mobility, insecurity, migration and nomadism are always present there, despite their opposition to the prevalent cultural model of permanence and long-lasting habitation. It is a vulnerable area in which the progressive inattention to environmental protection and proper management of the landscape has amplified the effects of natural disasters, and more and more, has transformed events during disasters.
\nIn addition to these factors, we also should consider social problems related to fluctuations in the economy and politics that fuel migration and poverty.
\nIn this context, an emergency can refer to many things: the need to respond quickly to sudden and unexpected cataclysms; the constant presence of social situations that are sometimes chronic and now increasing in size and number; and the hospitality management of large concentrations of people in a specific time and place (as in the case of major events).
\nThe theme of the emergency is connected to the dwelling by a dialectic comparison of the sense of the precarious with the desire for stability, the insecurity of the situation with the security related to the concept of home, the relationship between the permanent and the temporary and between the fixed and the mobile.
\nThis is an important topic in design culture, which is based on experimentation in military field and has expanded throughout the twentieth century through the research and solutions of distinguished interpreters: Le Corbusier\u2019s early studies in Maison Voisin<\/i> (1920) and in the Logis Provisoires Transitoires<\/i> during the post-war period (1944), the Dymaxion Deployment Unit<\/i> by Buckminster Fuller (1940), the Emergency Mobile Housing<\/i> by P. Jeanneret and J. Prouv\u00e9 (1945) and the Mobile Housing Unit<\/i> by M. Zanuso and R. Sapper and the Mobile House<\/i> by A. Rosselli and I. Hosoe, which are presented in the exhibition, Italy: The New Domestic Landscape<\/i> at MOMA, New York (Ambasz, 1972; Mango & Guida, 1988; Firrone, 2007).
\nAlongside many proposals that have been stimulated by real and often urgent needs, an ideological strand has led to the development of new models of mobile dwelling that culminated in the eradication of the static concept of the city form in the futurist Walking City<\/i> by Archigram in 1964; it is a design aspiration that is aimed at lightness and fluidity in living, which has produced many visions and proposals (Ambasz, 1972; Schwartz-Clauss, 2002), that have anticipated the current changes in social life and are only now being viewed with interest by the world of production.
\n2. Case studies: a comparison of four experiences\u00a0<\/b>
\nWe will now return to real life situations, though not solely emergencies. They have stimulated many research studies and projects regarding the topic of temporary or mobile dwellings, which we will now discuss. Each of these design stories can be taken as emblematic of the different types of construction (prefabricated modules, tents, containers, modular systems, etc.) or sustainability approaches in the social and natural environment.
\nParis, 1954. An exceptionally harsh winter drove the Abbe Pierre to promote a fundraiser for the construction of emergency housing for the homeless. The project was then entrusted to Jean Prouv\u00e9, who designed the Maison des Jours Meilleurs <\/i>(Better Days House). An expert in precast construction, Prouv\u00e8 tackled the problem from a technical and logistical point of view, but also devoted great care to the qualitative configuration of the inhabitable space, arousing comment from Le Corbusier, who called it \u201cthe perfect object to live, the most brilliant thing ever built\u201d(1956). The house, which could be assembled in seven hours by a few men with simple equipment, was 57 square meters and included two bedrooms and a large living room in addition to the core technical and structural steel for the toilet facilities and for the kitchen. From the constructive point of view, it was constituted of a steel frame on a concrete base, with wooden sandwich prefabricated panels that include openings and fixtures as well as cover panels in wood and aluminium sheet that jutted out to form the entrance porch.
\nThis system\u2019s components, which are easily storable, transportable and mountable, combined certain basic requirements \u2013 lightweight, low cost, durability of materials and comfort \u2013 but, it was too innovative for its time and it did not result in the mass production that was anticipated. It represented, however, a model and a reference point for subsequent experiments in the field of lightweight precast. Recently, an original version of the Maison des Jours Meilleurs<\/i> was restored and was exhibited in the Paris gallery of Patrick Seguin in 2012 and during the Design Miami Basel in 2013.{{1}}
\nValley of Muna (Mecca), 1975. Every year, during the pilgrimage to Mecca, it is necessary to erect temporary shelters in a wide area covering approximately 25 kilometres for an extremely large concentration of pilgrims who arrive from all over the world (about 2-3 million). Since 1975, the architect Frei Otto, together with the Research Centre of the University of King Abdul Aziz in Jeddah, has been engaged in numerous studies aimed not only at streamlining the logic of the settlement by integrating it with facilities and equipment for collective services, but also aimed at providing temporary housing made of lightweight structures that can be assembled and disassembled quickly. In particular, Frei Otto has designed an innovative solution consisting of a multi-story tent that can be installed with ease and less environmental impact on the hillsides of the valley and that provides internal conditions with enhanced habitability and ventilation. The tents, which have a square base with sides measuring 4 meters, can have up to three levels. The structure is self-supporting, with a frame made of aluminium profiles and wooden panels for the planking level; the casing is based on the traditional spire roof, which is made\u00a0of a single sheet of fabric, while other fabrics enclose the perimeter, so that the overlapping flaps ensure protection from the sun, but also provide ventilation and a view. The ground anchor consists of holes drilled straight into the rock, where the structure of the tent is secured with simple joints once it is calibrated at a horizontal level (Guida, 1992). It is a simple system, which rationalises the use of space and has minimal environmental impact.
\nIrpinia earthquake, 1980. In the long list of earthquakes that have taken place in Italy, from the event in Messina in 1908 to the quake in the Emilia Romagna region in 2012, the Irpinia earthquake is particularly significant. This is not only the result of the vastness of the area affected and the high number of displaced persons, but also the effect it has generated in terms of planning and subsequent research; this is in contrast to the formerly inadequate response of the Civil Defence and the resulting lengthy periods of reconstruction, which have led to extended stays, sometimes for years, in housing units – mostly containers – that were supposed to be temporary.
\nIn particular, it is worth noting that the research carried out by the Course of Design in the Faculty of Architecture in Naples (prof. R. Mango and E. Guida), which was conducted from 1981 to 1987, through an agreement with the Commissioner Extraordinary Government for Reconstruction, has resulted in the implementation of a prototype of a housing module (Cecere, Guida & Mango, 1984; Mango & Guida, 1988; Guida, 1992).{{2}}
\nThe innovative approach of the solution, which started with an observation of the critical issues in the management of the Irpinia emergency, was mainly due to its establishment as a system, rather than as individual units; in other words, it is made up of a set of technical modular elements that are configured as a continuous cover under which it is possible to situate multiple units. This approach allows the storage of the components in a much contracted form, easier transportation and a greater adaptability to each individual context and to the different compositions of households during the assembly phase. In addition, it allows flexibility in time and the possibility that they can be regenerated for future use. An additional aspect concerns the quality of living that, despite the reduction in space, is expressed in the study of possible configurations, in the relationship between interior and exterior spaces, between private and public spaces and in the definition of the home space. It is a technical solution that does not forget the real dynamics of everyday use and is careful to ensure living conditions that respect the dignity of people who have already been hit hard.{{3}}
\n<\/a>
\nCivil war in Rwanda, 1994. To accommodate more than 2 million refugees, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) provided a supply of tents that were made of an aluminium structure and PVC sheets; however, they were soon dismantled by the refugees themselves, who sold the aluminium poles and replaced them with branches of trees that were cut on site. This was a procedure that aggravated the already critical level of deforestation. To resolve this problem, the Japanese architect Shigeru Ban designed an emergency shelter structure using paper tubes that were first tested for durability, cost and resistance to termites. The solution was effective because of the easy production of the paper tubes and the small size of the machinery used to produce them. This made it possible to establish their production on site, and in turn, reduced the transportation costs. In 1998, fifty such emergency shelters were built in Rwanda and they were monitored to assess their performance (McQuaid, 2003; King, 2001). Following this experience and a previous one following the Kobe earthquake in 1995, Shigeru Ban has applied the use of cardboard as a structural material in other emergency contexts. He has refined and adapted a system used in Japan, the Paper Log House (emergency housing of 18 square meters with load-bearing walls in cardboard tubes), to different environmental and cultural contexts, including Turkey (2000) and India (2011). A first aid system consisting of tents with a tubular cardboard structure was used again following the Haiti earthquake in 2010.{{4}}
\n<\/a>
\nThese four stories document the variety and complexity of emergencies to which we can respond, from time to time, with the most typologically appropriate solutions and with an emphasis on strategic issues, timing, environmental balance, large numbers, duration, quality of life, and so on. The entire repertoire of projects is certainly much broader and you may refer to the specific literature on the subject for further study.
\nThe selection of these examples also wants to highlight some major research themes for the Mediterranean area: the attention to the social critical issues in the big cities with the first experiments on lightweight precast by Jean Prouv\u00e9; the large-scale migrations and the study of flexible and reversible systems by Frei Otto; the awareness of the geomorphological instability and the idea of a technical ready-for-use kit, with an attention to the values of living under transient conditions, in the research of R. Mango and E. Guida; \u00a0the studies of new materials and forms of self-production to respond to natural emergencies in a sustainable way with the experiments in the use of cardboard by Shigeru Ban.
\n3. The contemporary research on temporary dwelling: from emergency to new trends.<\/b>
\nHere, we would like to outline an updated picture of the contemporary lines of research in three areas: emergency disaster, social emergencies and new trends in mobile living.
\nRegarding the first area, we will describe the Refugee Housing Unit<\/i> project, which was born from a partnership between the IKEA Foundation and the UNHCR. The Swedish company has been able to provide this project with its expertise in the optimisation of costs and its operations in packaging, shipping and installation by transferring them from the area of furnishings to that of an emergency house consisting of 18 square meters.
\nThe modules are now being tested in a refugee camp in Ethiopia; they are the result of co-design activities involving universities in Sweden, Switzerland and Germany. They are designed to replace the tent systems that are predominantly used in these situations and to ensure better climate protection and greater durability (three years compared to an average of six months for tents).
\nThe modules are structurally composed of an easy-mountable system of metal and lightweight panels composed of a particular polymeric material called Rhulite, which is resistant and insulating and is capable of filtering the sunlight inside, but not projecting internal shadows to the outside at night. On the panels that make up the roof, there is a special fabric cover that reflects heat during the day and returns it at night; the sheets are also equipped with solar panels that provide lighting and electricity inside. All the elements necessary for the construction of a module are contained in its packaging plans, which include, according to the Ikea philosophy, everything needed for its installation, which requires half a day. The experiment, which began with 13 units that were installed in August 2013, is designed to verify their technical performance and the response to them in terms of housing and comfort during use to aid in the development of a final version.{{5}}
\n<\/a>
\nOther interesting research that is currently in progress and still at an experimental stage concerns the on-site production of clay housing by large 3D printers. The Wasp, the World’s Advanced Saving Project<\/i>, which is an experiment being conducted by the research centre of an Italian company together with ISIA design students, has led the innovative world of producers to deal with housing issues in the poorest areas of the world.{{6}}
\nThere are numerous project proposals that address the issue of social emergencies in light of the increasing number of indigent and homeless people.
\nAmong these, the project Pro.tetto<\/i> by Andrea Paroli (2012) is particularly interesting because it is exactly halfway between the design of a sleeping bag and a tent. Developed as a thesis in Product Design at the University of Rome La Sapienza and reported in ADI Design Index 2013 – Targa Giovani<\/i>{{7}},<\/i> it is designed as a disposable kit to be provided by mobile units to offer shelter from the cold on the most critical nights to all those who refuse to take refuge in specific centres. The kit, which is much reduced in size and weight (only 270 gr.), is contained in a little bag; it makes an emergency shelter composed of an inflatable insulating material (metallic PET), a mattress and a pump.
\nSimilar in its compactness and portability, but intended to be personal reusable equipment, is the project Less Homeless<\/i>, which was designed by the Portuguese architects Filipe Magalh\u00e3es and Ana Luisa Soares, who were awarded a special mention in a contest in Lisbon in February 2013. Inspired by the Ikea concept, it is a very compact mounting kit that allows a shelter to be erected for the night in only a few minutes and then to be dismantled in the morning. The shape was deliberately designed to be an icon of a house as a means of visually signalling and denouncing the growing number of homeless people.{{8}}
\n<\/a>
\nMore poetic and utopian, and striking for its extreme lightness, simplicity and \u201cpocketability\u201d, is the project Basic House<\/i> by the Basque designer Martin Az\u00faa; it is a cubic enclosure of metallic polyester that is inflated with air by the heat of the sun or by the human body, and which then deflates slowly, providing protection against heat and cold (Richardson, 2001). It is a minimalist house, designed for a nomadic lifestyle without material ties; but, it is also a way to expose the futility of so many things around us and to return to the basic concept of home as a protective shelter that is available anywhere and at any time. Basic House<\/i> has been a part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York since 2007 and it introduces us to the third issue that, following the ideological trends of the avant-garde of the twentieth century, has revealed a renewed dimension of the nomadic life as a contemporary lifestyle.{{9}}
\n<\/a>
\nThere are many projects that could be reported in this field. Among them is Diogene<\/i>, a mini accommodation designed by Renzo Piano for Vitra: It is only six square meters and costs 20,000 euros. It features very sophisticated materials, technology and energy performance, and in addition, it is mobile and has completely self-sufficient systems for harvesting rainwater and for the utilisation of solar energy. It is a complex product designed for industrial mass production. Revealed on the Vitra Campus in June 2013, Diogene<\/i> is not intended to be an emergency shelter, but rather, a voluntary choice for shelter: It is a housing solution reduced to the essentials that is inspired by the barrel used by the ancient philosopher from whom it takes its name and that operates in total autonomy, independently of its environment (Adam, 2013).
\nTwo similar projects are also worth mentioning. The Smart Student Unit<\/i>, designed by Swedish architects of the studio Tengom (2013), is made totally of wood, consists of 10 square meters and is partially a loft.{{10}}A few years earlier, and already in production, the Micro House M-ch<\/i> was designed by a team of researchers and designers in London along with the Technical University of Monaco as a response to a growing demand for short-stay accommodation for students, business people, spectators of sports events and those enjoying weekend visits. M-ch<\/i> was developed by a research university in 2001 and, inspired by a Japanese tea house, it is a cube of 2.66 meters per side that covers an area of about seven square meters with a folding top that allows its height to be extended. The module, similar to the previous cases, it is supplied fully furnished. In 2005, thanks to the sponsorship of a telecommunications company, six units were set up on the first university campus. Currently, M-ch<\/i> is on the market at a cost of \u20ac 38,000.{{11}}
\nSolutions like these, which are even larger in size, but still easily transportable on wheels, already assembled and able to accommodate more people, are now very widespread; this reflects a real interest in the market and a cultural change in the idea of living. For example, consider the Portable Home \u00c1PH80<\/i> by the Spanish design studio Abaton, which is 27 square meters (in 2013, the cost is 32,000 Euros){{12}}, the mobile unit building Su-Si<\/i> (42 square meters, which allows more complex configurations and spacious rooms when combined with other modules and was the winner of the IF Design Award 2000 in Hannover) and a more compact version called Fred<\/i>{{13}}(formed by two cubes of about 3 meters per side, one inside the other, that, in the installation phase, expand to form a living space of 16 square meters), both of which were designed by the Viennese architect J. Kaufmann between 1999 and 2000.
\nThese proposals reflect the trends of new forms of tourism and dwellings that are more in touch with nature, but that are also in touch with practical temporary needs for accommodations for study or work. They are examples of useful and good quality experimental productions that we hope will inspire new basic solutions that can be applied in cases involving social and environmental emergencies.
\n4. Conclusions\u00a0<\/b>
\nFrom this synthetic review of the contemporary design research, a complex framework emerges in the relationship between emergency situations and design approaches. We will try to summarize by highlighting the most interesting lines of experimentation for the Mediterranean area:
\n– The emergency solutions in case of disaster, in order to optimize the problems related to storage, transportation and manufacturing, are strategically oriented in two different directions: the study of durable lightweight modular elements, easy to carry and assemble, where the processes of prefabrication are closer to the world of furniture than to the building (the Refugees Housing Unit<\/i> by Ikea and the concept of the \u201cassembly kit\u201d); or experimenting new ways of self-production of autochthonous forms with poor materials but with technologically advanced systems (like the 3D clay moulding), in line with the pilot project launched by Shigeru Ban with the cardboard tube.
\n– The solutions for social emergencies emphasize the idea of the minimum shelter as an extension of the body, as a basic protection or a provocative ideological manifesto of an essential dimension of dwelling. It focuses on the object scale, on his immediacy and his temporary use, to reiterate the need of addressing social emergencies to other scales (architecture and urban policy) and to other levels (social and economic policies).
\n– Finally, the new forms of social aggregation and the current needs of mobility and transience for job or leisure feed the mass production of micro-mobile homes, with an eco-friendly and energy efficient approach. A new reflection on the existenzminimum<\/i>, supported by a growing market, which could affect the concept of urban development and the relationship between natural and built environments.
\nReferences<\/b>
\nAdam, H. (2013). Diogene. A cabin designed by Renzo Piano and RPBW for Vitra, in Vitra Magazine, http:\/\/www.vitra.com\/en-gb\/magazine\/details\/diogene<\/a>, [12 giugno 2013].
\nAmbasz, E. (a cura di). (1972). Italy: The New Domestic Landscape. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
\nCecere, T., Guida, E., & Mango, R. (1984). L’abitabilit\u00e0 transitoria: la ricerca architettonica per nuove strategie abitative. Napoli: F.lli Fiorentino.
\nFirrone, T. (2007). Sistemi abitativi di permanenza temporanea. Roma: Aracne.
\nGentile, S. (1992), \u201cIl Concorso Fantoni, nuove utilizzazioni del pannello MDF\u201d in Guida, E. (a cura di). Sistemi abitativi di soccorso. Ricerche, esperienze didattiche (pp.23-24). Napoli: Officine Grafiche F. Giannini e Figli.
\nGuida, E. (a cura di). (1992). Sistemi abitativi di soccorso. Ricerche, esperienze didattiche. Napoli: Officine Grafiche F. Giannini e Figli.
\nKing, L. (2001). Shigeru Ban. London: Princeton Architectural Press.
\nMango, R., & Guida, E. (1988). Abitare l\u2019emergenza. Studi e sperimentazioni progettuali. Napoli: Electa Napoli.
\nMcQuaid, M. (2003). Shigeru Ban, New York: Phaidon.
\nParente M. (1992), \u201cLa risposta al concorso. L\u2019esperienza didattica\u201d in Guida, E. (a cura di). Sistemi abitativi di soccorso. Ricerche, esperienze didattiche (pp.25-48). Napoli: Officine Grafiche F. Giannini e Figli.
\nParoli, A. (2012). Protetto. Riparo per l\u2019emergenza freddo, Tesi di Laurea Specialistica in Design del Prodotto, Facolt\u00e0 di Architettura, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi La Sapienza a.a. 2011-12, relatore prof. F. Dal Falco, correlatore arch. M. Ziliani. Disponibile anche in: http:\/\/www.protettoemergency.com<\/a> [30 dicembre 2013].
\nRichardson, P. (2001). XS: Big Ideas, Small Buildings. London: Thames & Hudson.
\nSchwartz-Clauss, M. (a cura di). (2002). Living in Motion. Design and architecture for flexible dwelling. Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.<\/p>\n

\n
\n[[1]]More information is available at http:\/\/www.patrickseguin.com\/en\/exhibitions\/2013\/miami-basel-2013.php<\/a>. See the video explaining the house restoration at http:\/\/bcove.me\/vlsrhsbe<\/a> [January 10, 2014].\u00a0[[1]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[2]]The research, with the collaboration of students and undergraduates in the Course of Design, has continued in the following years through other educational experiments coordinated by prof. E. Guida, including solutions presented in a competition sponsored by Fantoni Furniture Group (1989). These designs, which were awarded with a special mention, involve the innovative use of MDF for modular temporary housing systems that are easy to transport and assemble. (Gentile, 1992; Parente, 1992).\u00a0[[2]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[3]]In 1984, the IRI group Italstat realised the SAPI<\/i> project – Space Housing Primary Care<\/i> – designed by Pierluigi Spadolini; it was based on an evolution of the concept of the container into extensible modules that can be combined with each other to allow different configurations. The 200 units that were produced remained unused for years and required a large area for storage. They were donated by the Italian government for the emergency created by Armenia earthquake of 1989, which led to the creation of the still existing Village Italy. (Firrone, 2007, pp. 116-119).\u00a0[[3]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[4]]See more disaster relief projects at http:\/\/www.shigerubanarchitects.com\/works.html#disaster-relief-projects<\/a> [January 8, 2014].\u00a0[[4]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[5]]See the video explaining the project at http:\/\/media.ikeafoundation.org\/video\/4379<\/a>\u00a0[December 11, 2013].\u00a0[[5]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[6]]Cf. http:\/\/www.wasproject.it\/<\/a> and see the video at http:\/\/www.wasproject.it\/w\/2013\/12\/il-progetto-wasp-raccontato-da-vice-motherboard\/<\/a> [December 28, 2013].\u00a0[[6]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[7]]Cf. http:\/\/www.adidesignindex.com\/it\/targa-giovani\/protetto<\/a> [December 2, 2013].\u00a0[[7]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[8]]Cf. http:\/\/www.falaatelier.com\/filter\/project\/less-homeless<\/a> [January 10, 2014].\u00a0[[8]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[9]]Further information is available at http:\/\/www.martinazua.com\/product\/basic-house\/<\/a> [January 10, 2014].\u00a0[[9]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[10]]Cf. http:\/\/www.tengbom.se\/en-US\/projects\/207\/smart-student-units<\/a> [December 9, 2013].\u00a0[[10]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[11]]Cf. http:\/\/microcompacthome.com<\/a> [January 18, 2014].\u00a0[[11]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[12]]Cf. http:\/\/www.abaton.es\/en\/projects\/271070769\/portable-home-aph80<\/a> [January 20, 2014].[[12]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[13]]The Fred <\/i>project has been exhibited in the travelling exhibition, Living in Motion<\/i> (2002-2007), in the \u201cFolding +Unfolding\u201d section, and has been published in the magazine DETAIL n.03\/2001 as well as in its catalogue.\u00a0[[13]]\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Abstract<\/b>
\nSul tema dell\u2019abitabilit\u00e0 provvisoria c\u2019\u00e8 una lunga tradizione di ricerca, di progetti e di sperimentazioni. Un campo di riflessione ancora oggi molto fertile perch\u00e9 intercetta necessit\u00e0 concrete con aspirazioni, talvolta utopiche, verso una estrema leggerezza dell\u2019abitare, un innato desiderio di libert\u00e0 e di esplorazione. Qui tracceremo un rapido excursus storico, esemplificato da quattro storie progettuali, indicative di alcuni filoni strategici e tipologici, per poi presentare un quadro aggiornato delle tendenze progettuali e produttive contemporanee.
\n1. Mediterraneo e forme della precariet\u00e0: l\u2019abitare provvisorio<\/b>
\nIl Mediterraneo \u00e8 un territorio fragile, instabile geologicamente e labile nei suoi ecosistemi ambientali, sociali e politici. Un territorio fluido, dove la mobilit\u00e0 di persone e culture ha nel tempo costruito la sua stessa identit\u00e0 e dove termini come transitoriet\u00e0, mobilit\u00e0, precariet\u00e0, migrazione, nomadismo sono qui da sempre presenti, anche se contrapposti a una cultura della permanenza e del duraturo che rappresenta il modello prevalente di riferimento. Un territorio vulnerabile, dove la progressiva disattenzione alla tutela ambientale e alla corretta gestione del paesaggio amplifica sempre pi\u00f9 gli effetti delle calamit\u00e0 naturali trasformando gli eventi in catastrofi. A questi si sommano i disagi sociali legati a fluttuazioni dell\u2019economia e della politica, che alimentano i flussi migratori e le situazioni di indigenza.
\nIn questo quadro, parlare di emergenza pu\u00f2 significare molte cose: dalla necessit\u00e0 di rispondere in maniera rapida a cataclismi improvvisi e imprevisti, alla costante presenza a supporto di situazioni sociali, talvolta croniche, che tuttavia crescono in dimensioni e numeri, fino all\u2019organizzazione dell\u2019accoglienza in occasione di spostamenti di grandi numeri e di concentrazioni di persone in un determinato periodo e luogo (come nel caso dei grandi eventi).
\nIl tema dell\u2019emergenza si intreccia con quello dell\u2019abitare ponendo dialetticamente a confronto il senso del precario con l\u2019aspirazione alla stabilit\u00e0, l\u2019insicurezza con il senso di protezione connesso al concetto stesso di abitazione, il rapporto tra permanente e temporaneo, tra fisso e mobile.
\n\u00c8 un tema praticato da molto tempo dalla cultura del progetto, che fonda le sue basi nelle sperimentazioni belliche e si sviluppa in tutto il Novecento con ricerche e soluzioni di illustri interpreti: dagli studi di Le Corbusier sulla Maison Voisin<\/i> (1920) a quelli postbellici dei Logis Provisoires Transitoires<\/i> (1944), dalla Dymaxion Deployment Unit<\/i> di Buckminster Fuller (1940) all\u2019Alloggio d\u2019Emergenza Semovente<\/i> di P. Jeanneret e J. Prouv\u00e9 (1945), fino all\u2019Unit\u00e0 mobile di abitazione <\/i>di M. Zanuso e R. Sapper e alla Mobile House<\/i> di A. Rosselli e I. Hosoe presentate all\u2019interno della mostra Italy: The New Domestic Landscape<\/i> al MOMA di New York (Ambasz, 1972; Mango & Guida, 1988; Firrone, 2007).
\nParallelamente a tante proposte sollecitate da esigenze concrete e spesso urgenti, si affianca un filone ideologico che elabora nuovi modelli di abitabilit\u00e0 mobile, fino a sradicare il concetto statico della citt\u00e0 stessa con la futuribile Walking City<\/i> degli Archigram del 1964: un\u2019aspirazione progettuale, di leggerezza e fluidit\u00e0 dell\u2019abitare, che ha alimentato in questi anni molte visioni e proposte (Ambasz, 1972; Schwartz-Clauss, 2002), anticipando mutamenti del vivere sociale che solo oggi iniziano ad essere visti con interesse anche dal mondo produttivo.
\n2. Casi studio: quattro esperienze a confronto<\/b>
\nTorniamo alle situazioni reali, non solo d\u2019emergenza, che hanno stimolato tante ricerche e progetti intorno al tema dell\u2019abitabilit\u00e0 transitoria o mobile. Proviamo a raccontarne qualcuna. Ognuna di queste storie progettuali pu\u00f2 essere assunta come emblematica delle diverse tipologie costruttive (i moduli prefabbricati, le tende, l\u2019evoluzione del modulo container, i sistemi componibili, ecc) o di particolari approcci rispetto all\u2019ambiente sociale e naturale.
\nParigi, 1954. L\u2019eccezionale rigore invernale spinse l\u2019abate Pierre a promuovere una raccolta di fondi per la costruzione di abitazioni d\u2019emergenza per i senzatetto, affidata poi a Jean Prouv\u00e8 che progett\u00f2 la Maison des Jours Meilleurs<\/i>. Grande esperto di prefabbricazione edilizia, Prouv\u00e8 affronta il problema dal punto di vista tecnico e logistico, ma pone anche grande cura nella configurazione qualitativa dello spazio d\u2019abitare, tanto da suscitare il commento di Le Corbusier che la defin\u00ec \u201cil perfetto oggetto per viverci, la pi\u00f9 brillante cosa mai costruita\u201d (1956). L\u2019abitazione, assemblabile in sette ore da pochi uomini dotati di attrezzature semplici, comprende in 57 mq due camere da letto e un ampio salone, oltre ad un nucleo tecnico e strutturale in acciaio per i servizi e per la cucina. Dal punto di vista costruttivo, \u00e8 costituita da un telaio portante in acciaio su un basamento di cemento, con pannellature sandwich in legno prefabbricate, comprensive di aperture e infissi, e copertura in pannelli in legno e lamiera d\u2019alluminio, che si protende a formare il portico d\u2019ingresso.
\nQuesto sistema per componenti, facilmente stoccabili, trasportabili e montabili, combinava requisiti fondamentali \u2013 leggerezza, economicit\u00e0, durabilit\u00e0 dei materiali e comfort \u2013 ma, troppo innovativo per quei tempi, non ebbe quella produzione di massa sperata. Ha rappresentato tuttavia un modello e un punto riferimento per le sperimentazioni successive nel campo della prefabbricazione leggera. Recentemente una versione originale della Maison des Jours Meilleurs<\/i> \u00e8 stata restaurata ed esposta nella galleria parigina di Patrick Seguin nel 2012 e durante il Design Miami<\/i> a Basilea nel 2013. {{1}}
\n<\/a>
\nValle di Muna (La Mecca), 1975. \u00a0Il pellegrinaggio alla Mecca pone ogni anno il problema dell\u2019accoglienza temporanea di un\u2019enorme concentrazione di fedeli provenienti da tutto il mondo (circa 2-3 milioni) in un\u2019area estesa circa 25 chilometri. Una circostanza che ha impegnato l\u2019architetto Frei Otto, insieme al Centro Ricerche dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 di King Abdul Aziz di Gedda, fin dal 1975 in numerosi studi rivolti non solo a razionalizzare la logica dell\u2019insediamento integrandolo con strutture e attrezzature di servizio collettivo, ma anche a prevedere degli alloggi temporanei con strutture leggere, da montare e smontare rapidamente. In particolare, Frei Otto elabora una soluzione innovativa di tenda multipiano che consente di essere installata con facilit\u00e0 e minore impatto ambientale sulle pendici delle colline della valle, garantendo migliori condizioni interne di abitabilit\u00e0 e di areazione. Le tende, a base quadrata con lato di 4 metri, possono prevedere fino a tre livelli. La struttura \u00e8 autoportante con un telaio in profilati di alluminio e pannelli di calpestio di legno; l\u2019involucro \u00e8 realizzato recuperando la tradizionale copertura a cuspide, realizzata con un unico telo di tessuto, mentre altri tessuti chiudono il perimetro, in modo che la sovrapposizione dei lembi garantisca la schermatura dal sole ma anche l\u2019areazione e l\u2019affaccio. L\u2019ancoraggio al suolo avviene attraverso dritti conficcati in fori predisposti nella roccia, cui la struttura della tenda viene fissata con semplice giunti, una volta calibrato l\u2019orizzontamento (Guida, 1992). Un sistema semplice, di grande razionalizzazione dell\u2019uso degli spazi e a basso impatto ambientale.
\nTerremoto dell\u2019Irpinia, 1980. Nella lunga lista di terremoti che hanno colpito l\u2019Italia, da quello di Messina del 1908 fino a quello dell\u2019Emilia Romagna del 2012, il terremoto dell\u2019Irpinia \u00e8 particolarmente significativo non solo per la vastit\u00e0 dell\u2019area colpita e l\u2019elevato numero di sfollati, ma anche per gli effetti che ha generato in termini di progettualit\u00e0 e di ricerca successiva, a fronte dell\u2019inadeguata risposta della Protezione Civile e dei tempi lunghissimi della ricostruzione tali da prolungare per anni la permanenza in unit\u00e0 abitative – prevalentemente container – che avrebbero dovuto essere temporanee.
\nIn particolare, \u00e8 da segnalare la ricerca compiuta dalla Cattedra di Design della facolt\u00e0 di Architettura di Napoli (proff. Roberto Mango e Ermanno Guida) condotta dal 1981 al 1987, che attraverso una convenzione con il Commissariato Straordinario di Governo per la Ricostruzione \u00e8 giunta fino alla realizzazione di un prototipo di un modulo abitativo (Cecere, Guida & Mango, 1984; Mango & Guida, 1988; Guida, 1992).{{2}}
\n<\/a>
\nL\u2019approccio innovativo della soluzione, che parte proprio dall\u2019osservazione delle criticit\u00e0 emerse nella gestione dell\u2019emergenza irpina, risiede essenzialmente nel ragionare in un\u2019ottica di sistema pi\u00f9 che di singole unit\u00e0 abitative, ovvero di un abaco di elementi tecnici componibili tali da configurare una copertura continua sotto la quale articolare le diverse unit\u00e0 abitative. Questo approccio consente l\u2019immagazzinamento dei componenti nella forma pi\u00f9 contratta possibile, l\u2019uso di mezzi pi\u00f9 contenuti per il trasporto, una maggiore adattabilit\u00e0 ai contesti e alle diverse composizioni dei nuclei familiari in fase di montaggio, oltre ad una flessibilit\u00e0 nel tempo e alla possibilit\u00e0 di rigenerazione e di uso in impieghi successivi. L\u2019altro aspetto riguarda il tema della qualit\u00e0 dell\u2019abitare che, pur nella riduzione degli spazi, si esprime nello studio delle configurazioni possibili, nel rapporto tra spazi interni e esterni e tra privato e pubblico, e nella definizione stessa di luogo domestico. Una soluzione tecnica che non dimentica le dinamiche d\u2019uso reali della quotidianeit\u00e0 e si interroga sulle caratteristiche di un arredo essenziale, al fine di garantire condizioni di abitabilit\u00e0 rispettose della dignit\u00e0 di persone gi\u00e0 duramente colpite.{{3}}
\n<\/a>
\nGuerra civile in Ruanda, 1994. Per far fronte all\u2019accoglienza di oltre due milioni di rifugiati, l\u2019Alto Commissario delle Nazioni Unite per i Rifugiati (UNHCR) provvede alla fornitura di tende con struttura in alluminio e teli in PVC, che furono tuttavia ben presto smantellate dai rifugiati stessi per vendere i pali di alluminio, sostituendoli con rami di alberi tagliati in loco. Una procedura che andava ad aggravare una deforestazione gi\u00e0 critica. Per risolvere la questione, l\u2019architetto giapponese Shigeru Ban progetta un rifugio d\u2019emergenza con struttura in tubi di cartone, che viene in primo luogo testato rispetto alla durata, ai costi e alla resistenza alle termiti. La soluzione risulta efficace, anche perch\u00e9 la facilit\u00e0 di produzione dei tubi in cartone e la dimensione ridotta dei relativi macchinari consentono di organizzare una produzione direttamente in loco, abbattendo i costi di trasporto. Nel 1998 furono cos\u00ec costruiti una cinquantina di rifugi di emergenza in Ruanda, monitorati per valutarne le prestazioni (McQuaid, 2003; King, 2001). Da questa esperienza e da quella precedente per il terremoto di Kobe del 1995, Shigeru Ban ha applicato in altri contesti d\u2019emergenza l\u2019uso del cartone come materiale strutturale, perfezionando e adattando il sistema utilizzato in Giappone del Paper Log House<\/i> (abitazioni d\u2019emergenza di 18 mq con pareti portanti in tubi di cartone) ai diversi contesti ambientali e culturali della Turchia (2000) e dell\u2019India (2011). Il sistema di pronto intervento con tende con struttura in tubolari di cartone sar\u00e0 ancora utilizzato per il terremoto di Haiti del 2010.{{4}}
\n<\/a>
\nQueste quattro storie documentano la variet\u00e0 e la complessit\u00e0 delle situazioni d\u2019emergenza cui \u00e8 possibile rispondere, di volta in volta, con le soluzioni tipologicamente pi\u00f9 adeguate, ponendo l\u2019accento su questioni strategiche, tempistiche, di equilibrio ambientale, di grandi numeri, di durata, di qualit\u00e0 dell\u2019abitare. All\u2019interno di una storia ricca di ricerche e di sperimentazioni progettuali, di cui esiste un\u2019ampia letteratura specifica, la selezione di questi esempi vuole altres\u00ec evidenziare alcuni temi di ricerca centrali per l\u2019area del Mediterraneo, ancora oggi oggetto di approfondimento: l\u2019attenzione alle criticit\u00e0 sociali delle grandi citt\u00e0 insieme alle prime sperimentazioni sui prefabbricati leggeri di Jean Prouv\u00e8; i grandi fenomeni migratori e lo studio di sistemi flessibili e reversibili di Frei Otto; la consapevolezza dell\u2019instabilit\u00e0 geomorfologica e l\u2019idea di un corredo tecnico di pronto impiego user center, <\/i>ovvero attento ai valori dell\u2019abitare anche in condizioni di transitoriet\u00e0, nella ricerca di Mango e Guida; la sperimentazione di nuovi materiali e di forme di autoproduzione per rispondere in maniera efficace e \u201cambientalmente\u201d sostenibile alle emergenze naturali nelle sperimentazioni sull\u2019uso del cartone di Shigeru Ban.
\n3. Le ricerche contemporanee sull\u2019abitare provvisorio: dall\u2019emergenza ai nuovi trend.<\/b>
\nMentre la letteratura specifica sul tema consente di ricostruire in modo dettagliato l\u2019evoluzione storica della ricerca sull\u2019abitabilit\u00e0 transitoria con un vasto repertorio di sperimentazioni, di mostre tematiche e di progetti realizzati, meno consolidato e definito \u00e8 il quadro della riflessione e della progettualit\u00e0 contemporanea nei diversi ambiti di applicazione.
\nProveremo qui a delineare un quadro aggiornato delle linee di ricerca contemporanee, rispetto a tre ambiti: l\u2019emergenza per calamit\u00e0, l\u2019emergenza sociale e i nuovi trend dell\u2019abitare mobile.
\nPer il primo ambito, \u00e8 da segnalare il progetto Refugee Housing Unit<\/i> nato dalla partnership tra Ikea Foundation e UNHCR. L\u2019azienda svedese ha potuto esprimere in questo progetto le sue competenze in merito all\u2019ottimizzazione dei costi e delle operazioni di imballaggio, di spedizione e di montaggio, trasferendole dalla scala dell\u2019arredo a quella di un\u2019abitazione d\u2019emergenza di 18 mq.
\nI moduli, ora in fase di sperimentazione in un campo profughi in Etiopia e frutto di un\u2019attivit\u00e0 di co-progettazione con alcune universit\u00e0 svedesi, svizzere e tedesche, sono pensati per sostituire i sistemi a tenda prevalentemente utilizzati in queste situazioni, garantendo una migliore protezione climatica e una maggiore durata (tre anni contro una media di sei mesi delle tende). I moduli sono composti da un sistema strutturale in metallo facilmente montabile e da pannelli leggeri in un particolare materiale polimerico, chiamato Rhulite, resistente e isolante, con la caratteristica di filtrare la luce diurna all\u2019interno, evitando per\u00f2 la proiezione all\u2019esterno delle ombre interne durante la notte. Sulle pannellature che compongono il tetto \u00e8 previsto un ulteriore telo in tessuto speciale che riflette il calore durante il giorno e lo restituisce durante la notte; inoltre i teli sono provvisti di pannelli solari per garantire l\u2019illuminazione e l\u2019elettricit\u00e0 interna. Tutti gli elementi necessari per la costruzione di un modulo sono confezionati in imballaggi piani dove, secondo la filosofia Ikea, \u00e8 contenuto tutto l\u2019occorrente per il montaggio, previsto in mezza giornata. La sperimentazione, iniziata con 13 unit\u00e0 installate nell\u2019agosto 2013, ha lo scopo di verificare durante l\u2019uso le effettive prestazioni tecniche e la risposta in termini abitativi e di comfort, al fine di mettere a punto la versione finale.{{5}}
\n<\/a>
\nAltra ricerca interessante in corso, ancora sperimentale, riguarda invece la produzione in loco di abitazioni in argilla tramite grandi stampanti 3D. Il Wasp – World\u2019s Advanced Saving Project<\/i> condotto dal centro ricerche di un\u2019azienda italiana del settore insieme a studenti di design dell\u2019ISIA porta il mondo innovativo dei makers<\/i> a confrontarsi con le problematiche abitative delle aree pi\u00f9 disagiate del mondo.{{6}}
\n<\/a>
\nSul piano dell\u2019emergenza sociale, a fronte di un crescente numero di persone indigenti e senzatetto, sono numerose le proposte progettuali che affrontano la questione.
\nTra queste il progetto Pro.tetto<\/i> di Andrea Paroli (2012), particolarmente interessante perch\u00e9 si pone a met\u00e0 strada tra il progetto di un sacco a pelo e una tenda. Sviluppato come tesi di Laurea in Design del Prodotto presso l\u2019Universit\u00e0 di Roma La Sapienza e segnalato nella sezione targa giovani dell\u2019Adi Design Index 2013{{7}}, \u00e8 pensato come kit usa e getta, da fornire in dotazione alle unit\u00e0 mobili di strada, per offrire riparo dal freddo nelle notti pi\u00f9 critiche a tutti coloro che rifiutano di rifugiarsi nei centri di accoglienza. Il kit, di dimensione e peso molto ridotti (solo 270 gr.), \u00e8 contenuto all\u2019interno di una borsa ed \u00e8 composto da un riparo d\u2019emergenza gonfiabile in materiale termoisolante (PET metallizzato), un materassino e una pompa.
\nAnalogo come compattezza e trasportabilit\u00e0, ma pensato come una dotazione personale riutilizzabile \u00e8 il progetto Less Homeless<\/i> degli architetti portoghesi Filipe Magalh\u00e3es e\u00a0Ana Luisa Soares, che ha ottenuto una menzione speciale in un concorso a Lisbona nel febbraio 2013. Ispirato all\u2019immaginario Ikea, \u00e8 un kit di montaggio molto compatto che consente di costruire un ricovero per la notte in pochi minuti, per poi smontarlo la mattina. La forma richiama volutamente l\u2019icona di una casa, allo scopo di segnalare visivamente e di denunciare il numero crescente di persone senzatetto.{{8}}
\n<\/a>
\nPi\u00f9 poetico e utopico, suggestivo per l\u2019estrema leggerezza, l\u2019essenzialit\u00e0 e la tascabilit\u00e0 della proposta, \u00e8 il progetto Basic House<\/i> del designer basco Mart\u00edn Az\u00faa: un involucro cubico in poliestere metallizzato che si gonfia di aria al calore del sole o del corpo umano, per poi sgonfiarsi lentamente, proteggendo dal caldo o dal freddo (Richardson, 2001). Una casa minimale, pensata per una vita nomade senza legami materiali, ma anche un modo per denunciare la futilit\u00e0 di tante cose che ci circondano per ritornare al concetto base di abitazione come riparo e protezione, a nostra disposizione ovunque e in qualsiasi momento. Basic House<\/i> fa parte della collezione permanente del Museum of Modern Art<\/i> (MOMA) di New York dal 2007 e ci introduce alla terza tematica che, inseguendo i filoni ideologici delle avanguardie del Novecento, sta approdando ad una rinnovata dimensione all\u2019abitare nomade come stile contemporaneo di vita.{{9}}
\n<\/a>
\nSarebbero molti, anche nel campo delle nuove tendenze dell\u2019abitare mobile, i progetti da segnalare: tra questi, Diogene<\/i>, mini alloggio progettato da Renzo Piano per Vitra di soli 6 mq e dal costo di 20.000 euro, molto sofisticato per materiali, tecnologie e prestazioni energetiche, mobile e completamente autosufficiente con sistemi di raccolta dell\u2019acqua piovana e sfruttamento dell\u2019energia solare. Un prodotto complesso pensato per la produzione industriale in serie. Esposto nel Campus Vitra nel giugno 2013, Diogene non vuole essere un alloggio d\u2019emergenza ma una scelta volontaria: \u00e8 una soluzione abitativa ridotta all\u2019essenziale, ispirata alla botte utilizzata dall\u2019antico filosofo da cui trae il nome, che funziona in totale autonomia e in modo indipendente dal suo ambiente (Adam, 2013).
\nSono da segnalare altri due progetti che interpretano il tema dell\u2019alloggio minimo temporaneo: la Smart Student Unit<\/i>, progettata dagli architetti svedesi dello studio Tengom (2013), totalmente in legno, di 10 mq e parzialmente soppalcata{{10}}\u00a0e la Micro House m-ch<\/i> progettata qualche anno prima da un team di ricercatori e designers di Londra e della Technical University di Monaco come risposta ad una crescente domanda di alloggi per brevi soggiorni per studenti, uomini d’affari, sportivi e per i week-end. La Micro House m-ch<\/i> nasce da una ricerca universitaria nel 2001 e si ispira alle tea house<\/i> giapponesi: \u00e8 un cubo di 2,66 m di lato, per una superficie di circa 7 mq con piani a ribalta che ne consentono l\u2019utilizzo anche in altezza. Il modulo, come anche nei casi precedenti, \u00e8 fornito totalmente arredato. Nel 2005, grazie alla sponsorizzazione di un\u2019azienda di telecomunicazioni \u00e8 stato allestito il primo campus universitario dotato di sei unit\u00e0 abitative. Oggi m-ch<\/i> \u00e8 sul mercato al costo di 38.000 euro.{{11}}
\n<\/a>
\nSoluzioni di questo genere e anche di dimensioni pi\u00f9 ampie, capaci di ospitare comodamente pi\u00f9 persone ma ancora facilmente trasportabili gi\u00e0 assemblate su ruote, sono ormai molto diffuse, a testimonianza di un reale interesse del mercato e di un mutamento culturale dell\u2019idea dell\u2019abitare: come la Portable Home \u00c1PH80<\/i> dello studio di progettazione spagnolo \u00c1baton di 27 mq (2013, costo da 32.000 euro){{12}}\u00a0o gli alloggi mobili Su-Si<\/i> (di 42 mq che consente configurazioni pi\u00f9 complesse e spaziose con la connessione di altri moduli, vincitore del IF Design Award 2000 di Hannover) e la versione pi\u00f9 compatta Fred<\/i> (formata da due cubi di circa 3 m. di lato, uno dentro l\u2019altro, che in fase di installazione scorrono a formare uno spazio abitabile di 16 mq) entrambi progettati dall\u2019architetto viennese J. Kaufmann tra il 1999 e il 2000.{{13}}
\n<\/a>
\nQueste proposte, oltre ad intercettare le tendenze di nuove forme di turismo e di un abitare pi\u00f9 a contatto con la natura insieme alle esigenze concrete di temporaneit\u00e0 del mondo dello studio e del lavoro, rappresentano un\u2019utile sperimentazione produttiva di qualit\u00e0, che ci auguriamo potranno ispirare nuove soluzioni di base da applicare in caso di emergenze sociali e ambientali.
\n4. Conclusioni<\/b>
\nDa questa sintetica rassegna della ricerca progettuale contemporanea, emerge un quadro complesso nel rapporto tra ambiti di applicazione e approcci progettuali, che proveremo a riepilogare evidenziando le linee di sperimentazione di maggiore interesse per l\u2019area mediterranea:
\n– Le soluzioni d\u2019emergenza in caso di calamit\u00e0, al fine di ottimizzare le problematiche connesse allo stoccaggio, al trasporto e alla produzione, si orientano strategicamente in due diverse direzioni: lo studio di elementi modulari resistenti e leggeri, facilmente trasportabili e montabili, avvicinando i processi di prefabbricazione pi\u00f9 al mondo dell\u2019arredo che non dell\u2019edilizia (l\u2019unit\u00e0 per i rifugiati di Ikea e il concetto di scatola di montaggio); oppure la sperimentazione di nuove modalit\u00e0 di autoproduzione di forme autoctone con materiali poveri ma con sistemi tecnologicamente avanzati (come nell\u2019esempio dello stampaggio 3D dell\u2019argilla), in linea con la sperimentazione avviata da Shiberu Ban con il tubolare in cartone.
\n– Le soluzioni per le emergenze sociali tendono a enfatizzare il tema del riparo e dell\u2019involucro minimo come estensione del corpo, tra protezione, riparo e denuncia, fino a porsi come manifesto ideologico e provocatorio di una dimensione essenziale dell\u2019abitare. Si privilegia la scala dell\u2019oggetto, dell\u2019immediatezza e della temporaneit\u00e0, per ribadire la necessit\u00e0 di risolvere le emergenze sociali ad altre scale (quella dell\u2019architettura e delle politiche urbane) e ad altri livelli (quelle delle politiche sociali ed economiche).
\n– Infine, le nuove forme di aggregazione sociale e le attuali esigenze di mobilit\u00e0 e transitoriet\u00e0 del mondo del lavoro e del tempo libero alimentano la produzione in serie di micro-abitazioni mobili, a basso impatto ambientale e ad alta efficienza energetica. Una nuova riflessione sull\u2019existenzminimum<\/i>, sostenuta da un mercato in crescita, che potrebbe avere effetti sul concetto stesso di sviluppo urbano e di rapporto tra ambiente naturale e costruito.
\nReferences<\/b>
\nAdam, H. (2013). Diogene. A cabin designed by Renzo Piano and RPBW for Vitra, in Vitra Magazine, http:\/\/www.vitra.com\/en-gb\/magazine\/details\/diogene<\/a>, [12 giugno 2013]
\nAmbasz, E. (a cura di). (1972). Italy: The New Domestic Landscape. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
\nCecere, T., Guida, E., & Mango, R. (1984). L’abitabilit\u00e0 transitoria: la ricerca architettonica per nuove strategie abitative. Napoli: F.lli Fiorentino.
\nFirrone, T. (2007). Sistemi abitativi di permanenza temporanea. Roma: Aracne.
\nGentile, S. (1992), \u201cIl Concorso Fantoni, nuove utilizzazioni del pannello MDF\u201d in Guida, E. (a cura di). Sistemi abitativi di soccorso. Ricerche, esperienze didattiche (pp.23-24). Napoli: Officine Grafiche F. Giannini e Figli.
\nGuida, E. (a cura di). (1992). Sistemi abitativi di soccorso. Ricerche, esperienze didattiche. Napoli: Officine Grafiche F. Giannini e Figli.
\nKing, L. (2001). Shigeru Ban. London: Princeton Architectural Press.
\nMango, R., & Guida, E. (1988). Abitare l\u2019emergenza. Studi e sperimentazioni progettuali. Napoli: Electa Napoli.
\nMcQuaid, M. (2003). Shigeru Ban, New York: Phaidon.
\nParente M. (1992), \u201cLa risposta al concorso. L\u2019esperienza didattica\u201d in Guida, E. (a cura di). Sistemi abitativi di soccorso. Ricerche, esperienze didattiche (pp.25-48). Napoli: Officine Grafiche F. Giannini e Figli.
\nParoli, A. (2012). Protetto. Riparo per l\u2019emergenza freddo, Tesi di Laurea Specialistica in Design del Prodotto, Facolt\u00e0 di Architettura, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi La Sapienza a.a. 2011-12, relatore prof. F. Dal Falco, correlatore arch. M. Ziliani. Disponibile anche in: http:\/\/www.protettoemergency.com<\/a> [30 dicembre 2013].
\nRichardson, P. (2001). XS: Big Ideas, Small Buildings. London: Thames & Hudson.
\nSchwartz-Clauss, M. (a cura di). (2002). Living in Motion. Design and architecture for flexible dwelling. Weil am Rhein: Vitra Design Museum.
\n<\/b>[[1]] Cfr. il sito web di Patrick Seguin http:\/\/www.patrickseguin.com\/en\/exhibitions\/2013\/miami-basel-2013.php<\/a> e in particolare il video disponibile in http:\/\/bcove.me\/vlsrhsbe<\/a> [10 gennaio 2014].[[1]]<\/p>\n

\n
\n[[2]] La ricerca, cui hanno collaborato gli allievi e i tesisti della Cattedra di Design, \u00e8 proseguita negli anni successivi attraverso altre sperimentazioni didattiche coordinate dal prof. E. Guida, tra cui le soluzioni presentate al concorso promosso dal Gruppo Fantoni Arredamenti (1989), premiate con una menzione speciale, che ragionavano sull\u2019uso innovativo dei pannelli in MDF e su sistemi abitativi provvisori componibili, facilmente trasportabili e assemblabili (Gentile, 1992; Parente, 1992). [[2]]
\n[[3]] Nel 1984 il gruppo IRI-Italstat realizza il progetto SAPI \u2013 Spazio Abitativo di Pronto Intervento<\/i> di Pierluigi Spadolini, basato su un\u2019evoluzione del concetto del container, in moduli ampliabili e combinabili tra loro, tali da consentire diverse configurazioni. Le 200 unit\u00e0 prodotte sono rimaste inutilizzate per anni, con l\u2019impegno di una grande area per lo stoccaggio, per poi essere donate dal governo Italiano all\u2019Armenia per l\u2019emergenza terremoto del 1989, costituendo il Villaggio Italia ancora esistente (Firrone 2007, pp. 116-119). [[3]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[4]] Cfr.http:\/\/www.shigerubanarchitects.com\/works.html#disaster-relief-projects<\/a> [8 gennaio 2014].[[4]]
\n[[5]] Cfr. http:\/\/www.ikeafoundation.org\/ikea-flat-pack-solutions-are-making-a-big-difference-to-refugees\/<\/a> e il video esplicativo del progetto http:\/\/media.ikeafoundation.org\/video\/4379<\/a>[11 dicembre 2013].[[5]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[6]] Cfr. http:\/\/www.wasproject.it\/<\/a> e in particolare il video disponibile in: http:\/\/www.wasproject.it\/w\/2013\/12\/il-progetto-wasp-raccontato-da-vice-motherboard\/<\/a> [28 dicembre 2013].[[6]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[7]] Cfr. http:\/\/www.adidesignindex.com\/it\/targa-giovani\/protetto<\/a>\u00a0[2 dicembre 2013].[[7]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[8]] Cfr. http:\/\/www.falaatelier.com\/filter\/project\/less-homeless<\/a> [10 gennaio 2014].[[8]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[9]] Ulteriori informazioni sono disponibili in: http:\/\/www.martinazua.com\/product\/basic-house\/<\/a> [10 gennaio 2014].[[9]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[10]] Cfr. http:\/\/www.tengbom.se\/en-US\/projects\/207\/smart-student-units<\/a> [9 dicembre 2013].[[10]]
\n[[11]] Cfr. http:\/\/microcompacthome.com<\/a> [18 gennaio 2014].[[11]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[12]] Cfr. http:\/\/www.abaton.es\/en\/projects\/271070769\/portable-home-aph80<\/a> [20 gennaio 2014].[[12]]\n<\/div>\n
\n[[13]] Il progetto Su-si \u00e8 disponibile in http:\/\/www.su-si.at<\/a>, mentre il progetto Fred, esposto nella mostra itinerante Living in Motion (2002-2007) nella sezione \u201cFolding +Unfolding\u201d, \u00e8 stato pubblicato, oltre che nel relativo catalogo, nella rivista DETAIL 03\/2001 disponibile in: http:\/\/detail-online.com\/inspiration\/mobile-house-\u2013-fred-103845.html<\/a> [30 dicembre 2013].[[13]]\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Abstract There is a long tradition of research, projects and experiments regarding the issue of temporary living. It is a very fertile field of reflection because it represents the intersection of practical needs with the aspiration, sometimes utopian, toward an extreme simplicity in living and an innate desire for freedom and exploration. Here, we will… Continua a leggere Design and new trends in temporary living for emergencies and nomadism<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[22,15,151,7],"tags":[173,31,69,139,174],"class_list":["post-5280","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-close-up","category-en","category-i11","category-it","tag-mobile-housing","tag-product-design","tag-strategic-design","tag-sustainability","tag-temporary-living","entry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDesign 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